Enter the Habsburgs.
They ruled a crazy amount of Europe and the Americas.
(Feature Photo: Interior of Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England; Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
1519
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is on the English throne, Catherine of Aragon is Queen (daughter of Queen Isabella I of Castile (died back in 1594) and King Ferdinand of Aragon (died back in 1516), Catherine’s nephew is Charles V, who becomes Holy Roman Emperor this year – King James V is on the Scottish throne – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, King of the Romans (Italy) and King of Germany, dies, and his grandson, Charles V (a Habsburg, third one to become Emperor) is elected as Holy Roman Emperor (through lots of payouts, there are seven electors), king of Germany, Archduke of Austria and king of Italy, he is still king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – Francis I is king of France
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Grand Master of the Teutonic knights whose lands are in Prussia (he'll become the first Duke of Prussia in 1525), Prussia is part of Poland right now; Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps in Germany, is fully built, habitable, and held by Hohenzollern Family
In February, eight months before Cortés’s men land with their fabulous Mexican treasure, news reaches King Charles V of Spain in Barcelona of the death of his grandfather, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian I, leader of a vast confederation of states and principalities in northern and central Europe from Holland in the north to parts of France in the west, parts of modern Italy in the south, most of modern Germany and parts of Austria and Hungary to the east; But the Holy Roman Empire was an uneasy alliance of provincial rulers under the centralizing stewardship of an emperor who was himself chosen by seven Electors: three bishops, three princes of the Empire and the King of Bohemia (Spain, The Center of the World, Pg. 13)
The Protestant Reformation in Germany/Holy Roman Empire continues
February 18, Future Queen Mary I of England turns 3
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 47; His hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights; He has already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 5, Mercator, who becomes the great mapmaker and cosmographer, turns 7; He’s living in the County of Flounders (Belgium), which is in the fiefdom of the Habsburg Netherlands
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 44
April 15, Leonardo da Vinci, the Italian artist, turns 66
May 2, Leonardo da Vinci, the Italian artist, dies at the Chateau du Close Luce, Amboise, France, aged 66 (b. 1452)
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Charles V, King of a Lot
June 28, As Cortés is marveling as the great discs if gold and silver on the edge of Charles’s western Empire (Spanish America) the historic Habsburg heartland, the Electors are in Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle in French) and agree unanimously to choose Charles V, king of Spain, as their new ruler, Emperor Charles V (Spain, The Center of the World, Pg.14)
Charles V is now Holy Roman/German Emperor, king of Germany, king of Italy, king of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy and (will eventually be) Lord of the Netherlands, not to mention the head of the Habsburg Dynasty, the most powerful family in Europe with lands that spread out from the Americas to Austria and Hungary
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In June, Cortés sails back from Spanish America to Spain; He is anxious to show Charles V all the treasure he has amassed for the crown
September 20, Ferdinand Magellan (a Portuguese explorer, but also a subject to the Spanish crown, b. 1480), leaves with his fleet of five ships, each with two years' worth of supplies, in order to circumnavigate the globe
October, a lone carrack sails into the harbor at Sanlúcar, the great Atlantic port of southern Spain, it is All Souls’ Day, Halloween…The little Santa María is the first ship to reach Europe from the newly settled shores of Mexico; food and water are brought aboard and a handful of men come ashore; word no doubt is spreading through the town about the six Totonac Indian aristocrats among the passengers; but there is even more excited speculation over rumors of an infinite amount of gold on board, so much indeed that there was no other ballast than gold…As required by law, the ship proceeds up the olive-green River Guadalquivir that flows through the wild salt marshes, pine forests and fruit orchards of the fertile valley that was once known to medieval Arab poets as “paradise” on earth (Spain, Center of the World, Pg. 7)
November 5, The Santa Maria reaches the provincial capital at Seville and draws up against the muddy riverbank, the port is dominated by the defensive towers and ramparts of the medieval fortifications built in the ninth century by the moors to repel the Vikings (Spain, The Center of the World, Pg. 8)
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 35
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 16
In December, Magellan's fleet makes landfall in the present day city of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil
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The Order of the Golden Fleece
A portrait is painted of the late Holy Roman Emperor and King of the Romans, Maximilian I, who died in January
Notice the crest in the upper left hand corner of the below painting:
The double-headed black bird is the same as the Prussian Empire, as well as the German Empire during World War II; Sometimes the bird has only one head, but it's always that same black bird/eagle
Also notice the lamb hanging from the bottom of the crest, this denotes "The Order of the Golden Fleece"...
...and if you keep your eyes open, you'll start noticing it many places, even in the present day; After seeing it on the Spanish fort from 1672 in Florida (Castillo de San Marcos), I was passing a Brooks Brother's shop in the Florida airport and noticed it again as part of their logo! In other words, these symbols are still with us
(Photo/Credit: Maximilian I, Wikimedia Commons; Fort St. Marcos in Florida, taken by Deb in 2022; Exterior of Brooks Brothers Store, taken by Deb in 2022)
At some point during 1519, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, arrives in Barcelona and is received at the Barcelona Cathedral, where the choir stall (which had been under construction for several years) was just finished for his arrival; Each one of the choir stall seats features a painted coat of arms, all of them different; They represent all the crowns of Europe, who also happen to all be part of the Order of the Golden Fleece; As you can see in the below video and photo, each coat of arms has the symbol of the hanging lamb at the bottom (Video & Photo: Interior of the choir stall inside the Barcelona Cathedral; Credit: Deborah Marino, 2022)
1520
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England, Catharine of Aragon is queen – James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg) is Holy Roman Emperor, he is also crowned King of Germany this year on February 22, he is king of Italy, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – Francis I is king of France – Leo X is pope – Moctezuma II is the Aztec Emperor in Mexico
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Grand Master of the Teutonic knights whose lands are in Prussia (he'll become the first Duke of Prussia in 1525); Prussia is part of Poland right now; Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps of Germany, is fully built, habitable, and held by Hohenzollern Family
January 8, Spies for the recently elected Holy Roman Emperor, 19 year-old Charles V, who is also head of the Habsburg Dynasty and the king of Spain (and about to be king of Germany) report that the English Cardinal Wolsey is courting Francis I, king of France (meaning Wolsey is creating a good relationship between England and France, which is making Charles V very anxious, since Francis is probably still mad at him for beating him out of the Holy Roman Emperor position); The spied report to Charles that a meeting date has been set for King Henry VIII and King Francis I to meet on May 31 [they end up meeting on June 7] (Spain, The Center of the World, Pg. 23)
February 18, Mary I, future queen of England, turns 4; She is the cousin of the 19 year-old Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, and her father is the 28 year-old, King Henry VIII of England
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 48; His hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights; He has already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
February 22, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and head of the Habsburg Dynasty is crowned King of Germany
February 24, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, King of Germany and head of the the Habsburg Dynasty (which owns many lands spread throughout Europe) turns 20
The Protestant Reformation in Germany/Holy Roman Empire continues
March 5, Mercator, who becomes the great mapmaker and cosmographer, turns 8 years old; He’s living in the County of Flounders (Belgium), which is in the fiefdom of the Habsburg Netherlands
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 45
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Henry, Charles, and Acts Chapter Two
May 20, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain and Germany, sails for England to see his uncle-in-law, King Henry VIII of England
May 26, Charles V’s fleet is sighted off the coast of Dover, England; Cardinal Wolsey “rushed from Canterbury and set out with two boats to greet the Emperor, ‘accompanied by many noblemen and gentlemen, richly clad in silk, and wearing massive gold chains,’.
They came ashore and Charles was lodged in Dover Castle. Henry VIII arrived late that night and went straight to his ‘nephew’s’ apartment, ‘where they embraced each other familiarly.’” (Spain, the Center of the World 1519-1682, Pg. 33)
The next day, they celebrate Pentecost...
May 27, It is Whit Sunday, and King Henry VIII of England and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, attend a full Pentecost Mass which celebrates the giving of the Holy Spirit in the book of Acts in the Bible, chapter 2 (the Bible is still not a household book for the common or poor person)
"The next morning was Whit Sunday and the two monarchs road to Canterbury...where the Archbishop presented Charles and then Henry with a cross to kiss and they knelt on the gorgeously embroidered golden cushions of a double prie-dieu or prayer desk. Then, together they walked solemnly beneath a golden canopy while a hymn was sung. Later, they attended the full Pentecost mass, to which 'six hundred lords and knights' came, 'all most sumptuously clad in cloth of gold and silver,' and who 'wore massive gold chains around their necks.'"
(Spain, Center of the World, Pg. 33-34)
----->> Rewind & Contrast: It is the year 32 A.D. and the Jewish feast of Pentecost or "Feast of Weeks," "Feast of Harvest," is being celebrated in Jerusalem; It has been over a month since Jesus was crucified and reported by many to have resurrected; On this day...
"And when the day of Pentecost was fully come, they [the disciples and followers of Jesus] were all with one accord in one place. And suddenly there came a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind, and it filled all the house where they were sitting. And there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Spirit, and began to speak with other tongues, as the Spirit gave them utterance."
(Acts 2)
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The Pope Writes a Bad Review
In June, Pope Leo X issues the Papal bull Exsurge Domine (“Arise, O Lord”) , outlining forty-one purported errors found in Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses and other writings related to or written by him
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The Field of the Cloth of Gold
June 7-24, King Henry VIII meets King Francis I of France at an event that was later dubbed "The Cloth of the Field of Gold" because of the sumptuous tents that were spread over a valley that was subsequently called Val d'Or near Guisnes, south of Calais (Photo: Painting of "The Field of the Cloth of Gold" completed in 1545, Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
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Süleyman Becomes Sultan of Mecca, Egypt and Syria
Dying in September of 1520, Selim I (Sultan of Mecca, Egypt and Syria and more) is succeeded by the only male member of his family whom he had left alive on his own accession: his son, Süleyman, then aged 26, is one of the four larger than life monarchs who bestrode the first half of the sixteenth century, the other three being the Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII and Francis I of France, Süleyman is arguably the greatest, he is, in his own way, a son of the Renaissance: a man of learning and wide culture, himself a sensitive poet, under who the imperial pottery workshops of Iznik (Nicaea) are at their most inspired and the imperial architects, above all, the great Sinan, adorned the cities of the empire with mosques and religious foundations, caravanserais and schools, many of which still stand in the present day (The Middle Sea 267)
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 36
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 17
Pope Leo X threatens to excommunicate Martin Luther (Germany, A Nation in its Time, Pg. 31)
Martin Luther responds to Pope Leo X with an “open Letter to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, which sold out its four thousand printed copies in only five days, and heralded the beginning of a historic explosion of religious pamphlets, polemics, prayer books, and scripture. In the Letter, Luther addressed the nation, or, more precisely, the Emperor and those noblemen who, as dignitaries of the Holy Roman Empire, provided tribute to Rome. In what must have been shocking rhetoric, he denounced the hierarchical structure of the church, condemned the authority of the pope, and challenged the interpretive monopoly of the Roman Catholic Church with respect to the word of God.” (Germany, A Nation in its Time, Pg. 32)
One of the first modern surveys of peoples throughout the world is published, it is titled, The Customs of All Peoples (now a downloadable book) by a monk of the Teutonic Order named Johannes Boemus, it drew on the fifteenth-century revival of classical literature, especially Lorenzo Valla’s translation of Herodotus into Latin, Boemus likened his account to a travel guide, as “if I faithfully conducted you by hand,” and structured his European material from east to west, with his treatment of Germany in the middle, “Boemus began his depiction of the Germans by repeating the now familiar refrain that Germany had long ago expanded beyond the borders the ancients had assigned to it. He drew from this fact the conclusion that the Germans were shot through with foreign elements. Some were not very civilized, like the Prussians, “A most ferocious and idolatrous people,” while others had contributed to progress, so that, as he wrote, Germany’s ‘most beautiful and brilliant cities, castles, and villages are not even exceeded by those of France, Spain or Italy.’…Uniquely, Boemus paid attention to the everyday life of townspeople and peasants, especially in his native Franconia. He recounted festivities on saints’ days, fasting practices during Lent, and the celebration of carnival, or Fastnacht, in which a general madness possesses the people and causes them to ‘mask their faces, and deceive about their sex and age, the men wearing women’s apparel and the women men’s’” (Germany, A Nation in its Time, Pg. 35)
The Aztec capital in present day Mexico, is the largest city in pre-Columbian America with a population of at least 300,000 under Moctezuma II’s rule
Charles V, 20 years-old and already a Habsburg king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor (since last year), is struggling to keep the province of Castile in Spain, he is unpopular, and the Spaniards do not appreciate the fact that he has placed Flemish people from the Netherlands (also under Habsburg rule) into positions of power to rule aspects of Spain from afar, he goes to Valladolid in Castile and tries to state his case but things go poorly when he has an outburst of bad temper, “Young, badly advised and struggling under the burden of his vast and incoherent dominions, Charles had metaphorically lost his head. It almost cost him Spain.” But Charles V has just received countless gold treasure from the Americas last year, and “Henceforth, the great Habsburg Empire in Europe would depend on that promise of American money; but in Spain, during the first months of 1520, history hung in the balance. Charles still had to hold on to Castile.” (Spain, the Center of the World 1519-1682, Pg. 27)
1521
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England, Catharine of Aragon is queen – King James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg 3) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, king of Italy, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile), he is 21 years old – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Emperor Zhengde of Ming China dies and Jiajing is crowned emperor – Leo X is pope
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Grand Master of the Teutonic knights whose lands are in Prussia (he'll become the first Duke of Prussia in 1525), Prussia is part of Poland right now; Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps in Germany, is fully built, habitable, and held by Hohenzollern Family
January 28, the Diet of Worms takes place, it is an imperial diet (a formal deliberative assembly) of the Holy Roman Empire called by Emperor Charles V (and king of Spain), during which he sides with Pope Leo X and declares Martin Luther an outlaw (the diet lasts until May 25), Luther is summoned to the diet by the emperor, and Prince Frederick III, Elector of Saxony obtains an agreement that the he would receive safe passage to and from the meeting
February 18, Mary I, future Queen of England turns 5
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 49; His hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights; He already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 5, Mercator, who becomes the great mapmaker and cosmographer, turns 9; He’s living in the County of Flounders (Belgium), which is in the fiefdom of the Habsburg Netherlands
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 46
March 6, Magellan's fleet makes landfall in present day Guam
March 16, Magellan's fleet makes landfall in the Philippine Islands
April 16, Luther arrives in Worms and appears before the Diet for initial statements; He is asked to either renounce or reaffirm his views and appear the next day at 4pm
April 17, Luther appears before the Diet, he says he cannot recant
April 20, Emperor Zhengde of Ming China dies, aged 29 (b. 1491)
May 25, The Diet of Worms concludes with the Edict of Worms by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, saying,
“For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favour the said Martin Luther…”
Luther leaves for his home in Wittenberg, however, fearing for his safety Frederick III sent men to fake an attack and abduct Luther, hiding him away at Wartburg Castle (Wikipedia)
May 27, Jiajing is crowned emperor of the Ming dynasty in China
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 37
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 18
1522
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England / Catharine of Aragon is queen – King James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg 3) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, king of Italy, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Grand Master of the Teutonic knights whose lands are in Prussia (will become first Duke of Prussia in 1525), Prussia is part of Poland right now – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Jiajing is emperor of the Ming dynasty in China – Hadrian VI is pope
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Grand Master of the Teutonic knights whose lands are in Prussia (he'll become the first Duke of Prussia in 1525), Prussia is part of Poland right now; Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps in Germany, is fully built, habitable, and held by Hohenzollern Family
February 18, Future Queen Mary I of England turns 6 years old
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 50 years old, his hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights, he has already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 5, Mercator, who becomes the great mapmaker and cosmographer, turns 10 years old, he’s living in the County of Flounders (Belgium), which is in the fiefdom of the Habsburg Netherlands
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 47
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 38
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 19
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Hot Off the Press! The New Testament in German!
The New Testament is translated out of Latin and into German; It is later known as the Luther Bible (result of Martin Luther’s movement and the Protestant Reformation)
1523
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England/Catharine of Aragon is queen – King James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg 3) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, king of Italy, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Jiajing is emperor of the Ming dynasty in China
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Grand Master of the Teutonic knights whose lands are in Prussia (he'll become the first Duke of Prussia in 1525), Prussia is part of Poland right now; Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps in Germany, is fully built, habitable, and held by Hohenzollern Family
February 18, Future Queen Mary I of England turns 7
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 51 years old, his hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights, he has already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 5, Mercator, who becomes the great mapmaker and cosmographer, turns 11 years old, he’s living in the County of Flounders (Belgium), which is in the fiefdom of the Habsburg Netherlands
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 48
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 39
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 20
1524
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England/Catharine of Aragon is queen – King James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg 3) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, king of Italy, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Jiajing is emperor of the Ming dynasty in China
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Grand Master of the Teutonic knights whose lands are in Prussia (he'll become the first Duke of Prussia in 1525), Prussia is part of Poland right now; Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps in Germany, is fully built, habitable, and held by Hohenzollern Family
February 18, Future Queen Mary I of England turns 8
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 52 years old, his hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights, he has already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 5, Mercator, who becomes the great mapmaker and cosmographer, turns 12 years old, he’s living in the County of Flounders (Belgium), which is in the fiefdom of the Habsburg Netherlands
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 49
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 40
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 21
Streets of Paris are lit for the first time by royal order
1525
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England, Catharine of Aragon is queen – James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg 3) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, king of Italy, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Jiajing is emperor of the Ming dynasty in China – Huayna Capac, the Incan Emperor, ends his rule and the expansion of the Incan Empire comes to a halt (the Inca will fall into civil war in a few years)
February 18, Future Queen Mary I of England turns 9
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 53; His hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights until April 8 of this year, he already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
February, there is a major revolt called The Peasant’s War in Germany, the largest uprising in European history prior to the French Revolution, it started with agrarian revolts in the southern Black Forest and in the Lake Constance area and spread to Allgäu and the Upper Rhine, assuming both a religious and political character…In the Upper Swabian city of Memmingen rebels formulated the famous “Twelve Articles,” which crystallized grievances and insisted on the community’s right to elect its own pastor (Germany, A Nation in its Time, Pg. 35)
March 5, Mercator, who becomes the great mapmaker and cosmographer, turns 13; He’s living in the County of Flounders (Belgium), which is in the fiefdom of the Habsburg Netherlands
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 50
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Prussia Gets a Promotion
April 8, The Treaty of Kraków is signed in which Albert of the Hohenzollern family receives the Duchy of Prussia by the king of Poland, Albert’s uncle, the Hohenzollern family is already the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Burgrave of Nuremberg, the Duchy of Prussia is not near Germany, but rather on the Baltic, in north-eastern Poland (prussiagate.substack.com); Albert had been converted to Protestantism largely by Martin Luther’s influence, so he dissolves the Roman Catholic Teutonic Order and makes it into a hereditary realm his heirs will inherit;
This makes Albert the last Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and the first Duke of Prussia
(Photo: Albert of Prussia in a portrait painted in 1612, Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
So, basically, the lands of the Teutonic Order, has now become...
The Duchy of Prussia
Since this area is in Poland, it is the king of Poland, Sigmund I “the old,” who is authorizing this change
Sigmund I is Albert’s uncle; This change from the land of the Teutonic Knights to a hereditary dukedom, is accomplished by Albert and Sigmund signing the...
Treaty of Kraków
It should also be noted that Albert was the first ruler to make Protestantism the state religion of his lands
(Photo: The Treaty of Krakow signed in 1525, Credit: Wikimedia Commons)
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Hold On--There's More to Know About Prussia
(Note: The last emperor of Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II, will be of the House of Hohenzollern, and his great, great, grandson, Georg Fredrick von Preusen in 2022 likes to be addressed as “His Royal Highness” and is seeking to demand rights of abode and usage for various castles and villas; in official court documents, he is called the “prince of Prussia,” additionally, it is also of note that the King of Prussia becomes the Kaiser of Germany in 1871, just a month before the US Act of 1871, which incorporates the United States and puts it under the control of a hidden financier, after this, much of the world will come under Prussian/German control)
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 41
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 22
King Henry VIII’s first wife, Queen Catherine of Aragon, hasn’t produced an heir yet and Henry is starting to fall in love with Anne Boleyn
The Incan capital of Cuzco in modern day Peru, sits at the center of a 12,500 mile road network, the Sapa Inca have imposed a realm-wide taxation system, control trade, and are drawing on peasant labor force for construction projects (History of the World, Map by Map, Pg. 145)
Hohenzollern Castle in the Swabian Alps in Germany, is fully built, habitable, and held by Hohenzollern Family
1526
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England/Catherine of Aragon is queen – King James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Jiajing is emperor of the Ming dynasty in China
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Duke of Prussia, which is in Poland
February 18, The future Queen Mary I of England turns 10
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 54 years old, his hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights until April 8 of last year, he has already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 5, Mercator, who becomes the great mapmaker and cosmographer, turns 14 years old, he’s living in the County of Flounders (Belgium), which is in the fiefdom of the Habsburg Netherlands, his father dies this year, and his uncle Gisbert, a priest, becomes his guardian, Gisbert sends Mercator to the famous school of the Brethren of the Common Life in the Duchy of Brabant, the school had been founded by the charismatic Geert Groote, who emphasized studying the Bible, while at the same time, expressed disapproval of the dogmas of the church
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 51
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 42
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 23
William Tyndale prints the first New Testament that’s translated into English
1527
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England/Catherine of Aragon is queen – King James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Jiajing is emperor of the Ming dynasty in China
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Duke of Prussia, which is in Poland
February 18, Future Queen Mary I of England turns 11
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 55 years old, his hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights until April 8 of 1525, now his hometown is ruled by Albert, duke of Prussia, Nicolaus already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 52
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 43
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 24
The Spanish Conquest of the Maya begins (1527-1697), (A History of the World, Map by Map, Pg. 156-157)
1528
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England/Catherine of Aragon is queen – James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, king of Italy, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Jiajing is emperor of the Ming dynasty in China
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Duke of Prussia, which is in Poland
February 18, the future Queen Mary I of England turns 12
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 56 years old, his hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights until April 8 of 1525, now his hometown is ruled by Albert, duke of Prussia, Nicolaus already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 53
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 44
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 25
The Spanish Conquest of the Maya continues (1527-1697), (A History of the World, Map by Map, Pg. 156-157)
1529
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry VIII is king of England/Catherine of Aragon is queen – James V is king of Scotland – Charles V (House of Habsburg) is Holy Roman Emperor, king of Germany, Archduke of Austria, and king of Spain (Aragon and Castile) – The Russian monarchy has not been established, Rurikid Dynasty of Grand Princes are ruling from Moscow – Jiajing is emperor of the Ming dynasty in China
Albert, of the House of Hohenzollern, is Duke of Prussia, which is part of Poland
February 18, Future Queen Mary I of England turns 13
February 19, Nicolaus Copernicus turns 57 years old, his hometown is in Prussia, Poland, which is under the control of the Teutonic Knights until April 8 of 1525, now his hometown is ruled by Albert, duke of Prussia, Nicolaus already proposed that the planets go around the sun back in 1514
March 6, Michelangelo, the Italian artist, turns 54
November 5, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, makes his formal entry into Bologna where, in front of the Basilica of S. Petronio, Pope Clement waits to receive him, and after a brief ceremony of welcome, the two retire to the Palazzo del Podestà across the square, where neighboring apartments have been prepared for them (Podestà use to be the highest civil office for the government of the northern and central cities of Medieval Italy), There is much to be done, many outstanding problems that need to be discussed before Charles V can be crowned king of Italy could take place (The Middle Sea, Pg. 279)
November 10, Martin Luther, the German priest, author and theologian, turns 45
December 14, Nostradamus, the French astrologer, turns 26
The Spanish Conquest of the Maya continues (1527-1697), (A History of the World, Map by Map, Pg. 156-157)