(Feature Photo: The Great Hall in Winchester, England, that Henry III, king of England constructed; Credit: Graham Horn, Wikimedia Commons)
1220
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Philip II Augustus is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
1221
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Philip II Augustus is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
1222
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Philip II Augustus is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne –
The University of Padua (law) is founded in the Kingdom of Italy
1223
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Philip II Augustus dies and Louis VIII (The Lion) becomes king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne –
Chinggis Khan’s campaign ends in victory over the Muslim kingdom of Khwarasm (roughly Uzbekistan)
1224
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis VIII (The Lion) is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
1225
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis VIII (The Lion) is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
1226
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis VIII of France dies and Louis IX becomes king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
1227
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yuri II is on the Russian throne –
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How the Mighty Have Fallen (off their horse)
Genghis Khan dies after complications from falling off his horse
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1228
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis IX is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne –
1229
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis IX is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne –
April 12, The Albigensian Crusade, which began in 1209, comes to a close; For twenty years the crusade, initiated by the pope, has attacked and persecuted the Cathars in southern France; The Cathars believed in a dualism (there are two gods with equal powers)
The University of Toulouse is founded in France (History of the World, Map by Map, Pg. 104)
Juame of Aragon (northeastern Spain) captures Palma, the capital of Mallorca (island off the eastern coast of Spain) (History of the World, Map by Map, Pg. 123)
1230
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis IX is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne –
1231
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis IX is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne –
Mongol invasions of Korea begin
1232
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is king of England – Louis IX is king of France – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
Carving begins on the woodblocks used to print the Buddhist cannon, they are carved and kept at the Tripitaka Koreana in Korea (Wikipedia and A Brief History of Korea)
1233
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
1234
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yuri II is on the Russian throne –
The Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun is published in Korea (Goryeo dynasty) and is the world’s first metal-block printed text
1235
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
1236
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
The University of Orleáns is founded (History of the World, Map by Map pg. 104)
1237
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yuri II is on the Russian throne
The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus (now parts of modern-day Russia, Ukraine and Belarus) begins; The Mongols destroy many cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev, with the only major cities escaping destruction being Novgorod and Pskov; The invasion lasts until 1242 (the Mongols who invaded Russia and Hungary are known as Tartars to the people) (Encyclopedia Britannica)
1238
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yuri II dies and Yaroslav II ascends to the Russian throne
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The Wrath of Khan
Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu, begins expanding his empire
“Matthew [Paris] first reported that something was wrong in 1238. Merchants from northern Europe customarily sailed each year to Yarmouth, a fishing port on England’s east coast, to buy herring—but in 1238, Matthew noted, they never came, and rotting fish piled up in the port’s markets. That same year...
...ambassadors representing the Assassins—a widely feared Muslim sect based in Iran and Syria—arrived in England and France, and appealed for help...
...Matthew wrote, ‘on behalf of the whole of the people of the East.’ It was an extraordinary overture, given the relationship between Christians and Muslims at the time. But it was born of extraordinary circumstances. ‘A monstrous and inhuman race of men had burst forth from the northern mountains,’ the ambassadors announced, ‘and had taken possession of the extensive, rich lands of the East...’
...The invaders were called Tartars, and they came, Matthew reported, from ‘the Caspian mountains or the adjacent places’—northeastern limits of the world as it was portrayed on the mappaemundi. Led by a ferocious man named Khan...’
...the Tartars had overrun vast stretches of Muslim territory and had already ravaged greater Hungary—lands on the southwestern side of the Ural Mountains, that is, in present-day Russia. If Christians and Muslims didn’t immediately put aside their differences and work together to repel the marauders in Muslim territory, the ambassadors claimed, all of Europe itself would soon be under attack.”
(The Fourth Part of the World, Pg. 46)
Templar houses are being used to provide numerous sensitive services: they are used to distribute pensions promised by monarchs to wartime allies, and are party to agreements in which they operate as a mutually respected third party between warring rivals, they guarantee debts, ransom hostages and prisoners of war on credit, and can arrange very large loans—such as the one made in this year by Baldwin II, emperor of Constantinople, secured by his very own fragment of the True Cross (The Templars, pg. 239)
1239
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England
1240
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England
Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu, sacks the city of Kiev (in present-day Ukraine), as he expands the Golden Horde Empire (also called the Kipchack Khanate) in a series of brilliant military campaigns (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Moses de León (or Moshe ben Shem-Tov) is born; He will become the Jewish rabbi that will first publicize the Zohar, one of the Jewish mystic books that make up the Kabbalah; He will claim that he the book is the work of Simeon ben Yochai (c. 100), but it is widely believed by modern-day scholars that he forged the work between 1280 and 1286 (Wikipedia)
1241
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yaroslav II is on the Russian throne –
The Thames floods six miles over its banks after an unusual amount of rain fall (written by Matthew Paris, a monk at St. Albans)
1242
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yaroslav II is on the Russian throne –
The Mongol invasion of Kievan and Rus Ends, successfully taking over much of Russia, and all Rus principalities are forced to submit to Mongol rule and became vassals of the Golden Horde (some of which last until 1480), though the Golden Horde starts as part of the Mongol Empire, it later turns into a Turkicized Khanate and in 1312, it adopts Islam as its main religion (Wikipedia)
French and English forces clash at the Battle of Taillebourg on the bridge that spanned the Charente River, a strategic point on the route between northern and southern France, Henry III is trying to reclaim continental possessions in France, but he is defeated, and it marks the end of the Angevin Empire
1243
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yaroslav II is on the Russian throne
1244
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yaroslav II is on the Russian throne
1245
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England
1246
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Yaroslav II dies, and Sviatoslav ascends to the Russian throne
1247
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Sviatoslav III is on the Russian throne
1248
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Ferdinand III is king of Castile and Toledo (Spain) – Louis IX is on the French throne – Sviatoslav III is deposed and Mikhail briefly ascends to the Russian throne, but then Sviatoslav III is quickly restored
The capture of Seville by Ferdinand III of Spain leaves Granada isolated
1249
RULERS & ROYALTY: Henry III is on the throne of England – Louis IX is on the French throne – Sviatoslav III dies and Andrey II ascends the Russian throne